Before electronic flight bags (EFBs), pilots relied on paper instrument approach plates, primarily choosing between government-produced National Ocean Service (NOS) charts and Jeppesen charts.

Richard Aedy: We begin in the air. If you've ever been on a plane that landed in poor visibility you don't forget it. The pilot's relying on instruments and using something called instrument approach ...

Instrument approach charts evolved from unscientific development to the current Volpe format, which was designed based on human factors research commissioned by the FAA in the mid-1990s. Chart ...